Cell Biologist

  Agartala, Tripura, is witnessing advancements in hydroponic farming, which is gaining traction across India. The state has transitioned from small, portable systems to larger, commercial setups, which aim to assist local farmers in overcoming challenges posed by climate change . Hydroponic System Size and Design The new hydroponic systems in Tripura are designed to cover at least 500 square meters. A notable setup spans 560 square meters and cultivates high-demand crops. Farmers grow leafy vegetables such as lettuce and coriander, as well as strawberries and marigolds. This larger scale of production is essential for meeting local market demands. Tripura faces increasing threats from heavy rains and floods. While these natural disasters cannot be prevented, hydroponics offers a solution. It mitigates the impact of adverse weather on traditional farming. By adopting hydroponic techniques, farmers can continue to grow crops even during challenging conditions. Financial Support and ...

  Recent studies have revealed the reclassification of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). This change aims to clarify the connection between fatty liver disease and metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. Definition of MASLD MASLD refers to liver fat accumulation linked primarily to metabolic dysfunction. This term replaces NAFLD, which focuses on the absence of alcohol use, often perpetuating stigma. Risk Factors for MASLD Belly fat increases the risk of developing MASLD, with a likelihood increase of 2-3 times. Approximately 25% of the global population is affected, with rates climbing to 50-70% in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes. Diagnostic Advancements Recent advancements in diagnostic tools have improved the identification of MASLD. Non-invasive methods such as FibroScan, MRI, and ultrasound accurately measure liver fat and stiffness. Blood tests, including ALT, AST, and GGT, as...

  Rwanda has officially declared the end of its first Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreak as of December 20, 2024, followed a 42-day monitoring period with no new cases reported. The outbreak, which began on September 27, 2024, resulted in 66 confirmed cases and 15 fatalities, primarily affecting health workers. About Marburg Virus Disease Marburg Virus Disease is a severe and often fatal illness. It is caused by the Marburg virus, which is transmitted from fruit bats to humans. The disease is characterized by a high fatality rate, averaging around 50%. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, contaminated surfaces, or materials. Key Outbreak Statistics During the recent outbreak in Rwanda, the fatality rate was notably lower at approximately 23%. The outbreak saw a rapid increase in cases, particularly among healthcare professionals, due to their exposure while treating infected colleagues. Rwandan health authorities implemented several measures to ...

  Recent studies have brought to light the resilience of archaea, ancient microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments. Researchers have focused on the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of these organisms, particularly in response to rising global temperatures and changing climates. How archaea survive harsh conditions could provide vital information about evolutionary strategies and environmental adaptations. About Archaea Archaea are one of the oldest life forms on Earth, which is distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, with unique biochemical pathways. These microorganisms often inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs and deep-sea vents, where conventional life forms cannot survive. The Role of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems TA systems are crucial for the survival of archaea under stress. They consist of two components – a toxin that inhibits cell functions and an antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin’s effects. This balance allows archaea to manage cellular stress effectivel...

  Tamil Nadu is currently experiencing a surge in mumps cases, with reports indicating at least 150 cases each month. The state’s Directorate of Public Health has urged the Government of India to include the mumps vaccine in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), which follows an increase in cases, prompting concerns about potential outbreaks. Current Situation of Mumps in Tamil Nadu Mumps cases have risen sharply, with a notable increase from 61 cases in 2021-22 to 1,091 in 2023-24. Most cases occur in children aged six to nine and those under five years old. Chennai has reported the highest number of cases, while other districts contribute to 3-10% of the total. Universal Immunisation Programme Overview The UIP in Tamil Nadu currently administers 11 vaccines to protect against 12 diseases, including tuberculosis and measles. Approximately 10 lakh pregnant women and 9.15 lakh children benefit from this programme annually. The Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine was added in April ...

  Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) approved GLP-1 receptor agonists as a treatment for obesity, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, to mimic hormones that regulate appetite and blood sugar. The WHO emphasizes that while healthy eating and exercise are crucial, they alone cannot solve the obesity epidemic. Global Obesity Statistics Obesity is a pressing global issue. In 2022, one in eight people worldwide was classified as obese, totaling 890 million adults and 160 million adolescents. Since 1990, obesity rates among adults have doubled, while rates among adolescents have quadrupled. In India, 44 million women and 26 million men were affected by obesity in 2022. Childhood obesity has also surged, from 0.2 million obese children in 1990 to 12.5 million in 2022. Economic Impact of Obesity The financial burden of obesity is staggering. Global healthcare costs related to obesity are projected to reach $3 trillion by 2030. In nations where 30% of the population is obese, ...

  Researchers from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) discovered that tiny plastic particles from single-use plastic bottles can facilitate the transfer of AR genes among bacteria, which poses a hidden risk to public health and gut microbiome balance. About Nanoplastics Nanoplastics are microscopic plastic particles resulting from the degradation of larger plastic items. They are prevalent in various environments, including water systems and the human gut. Their small size allows them to interact with microorganisms, raising concerns about their impact on health. The Role of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Lactobacillus acidophilus is a beneficial gut bacterium crucial for digestion and immunity. The study focused on whether nanoplastics could convert this helpful bacterium into a carrier of AR genes, potentially harming gut health. Mechanisms of Gene Transfer The research identified two primary methods by which plastic-derived nanoplastics (PBNPs) promote AR gene tra...

  Russia has made strides in cancer treatment with the announcement of a new mRNA vaccine. This vaccine aims to be available to patients free of charge by early 2025 and has undergone promising pre-clinical trials, showing potential to suppress tumor growth and prevent cancer spread. Vaccine Development and AI Integration The development of this vaccine has been expedited through the use of artificial intelligence . Traditional methods of designing personalized cancer vaccines are complex and time-consuming. AI technology allows researchers to reduce this process to just 30 minutes to an hour, demonstrating a remarkable leap in efficiency. Cancer vaccines enhance the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. Therapeutic vaccines specifically target proteins or markers present in cancer cells. This helps the immune system recognize and attack these cells more effectively. Some vaccines utilize modified viruses to deliver these markers, which stimulates a robust immune response. Type...

  The Gympie-Gympie, scientifically known as Dendrocnide moroides, is considered the most toxic plant globally. Native to Australia , it has gained notoriety due to its excruciating sting, which can induce unbearable pain and distress. This pain can last for weeks or even months, leading some individuals to contemplate extreme measures. Description and Characteristics The Gympie-Gympie can grow up to 10 meters tall and features fine, needle-like hairs that are responsible for its painful sting. These hairs, known as trichomes, are found on all parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and fruits. The sting feels akin to both electrocution and burning, creating an intense and lasting discomfort. Pain and Effects Touching the Gympie-Gympie results in pain that can persist for an extended period. Reports indicate that the toxins from the plant can remain in the skin for up to a year. Symptoms may worsen with exposure to water, temperature changes, or further contact, compounding t...

In a groundbreaking development, researchers from Virginia Tech tagged a young shortfin mako shark in the Mediterranean Sea , marking the first time this endangered species has been tagged in the region, which occurred during a summer 2023 research trip focused on white sharks. Tagging Process The tagging team, led by PhD student Brendan Shea, encountered the young mako unexpectedly. They attached a pop-off archival tag to the shark. This device records data on water temperature, depth, and light levels. It detaches after a predetermined time or if the shark dives below 1,800 meters, sending data back to a satellite. The collected data will enhance understanding of the shark’s movements. This information is vital for conservation efforts. Shea noted that while this initial tagging is, further tagging is essential for comprehensive research. Movement Patterns Observed The tagged shark travelled over 750 miles in just 54 days. This distance is remarkable, considering the shark is only o...

  The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) will mark its 67th Foundation Day on December 4, 2024, will take place in New Delhi. Senior officials from Indian law enforcement and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) will attend. DRI will release the annual report titled ‘Smuggling in India Report 2023-24’, will detail its activities and trends in anti-smuggling and commercial fraud. Background of DRI The DRI was established on December 4, 1957, and operates under the CBIC of the Government of India, located in New Delhi. DRI comprises 12 zonal units, 35 regional units, and 15 sub-regional units. Over 900 officials work within the agency. DRI’s Role in Combating Smuggling DRI is India’s leading agency against smuggling and focuses on preventing and detecting illegal activities. Key targets include narcotic drugs, gold, diamonds, wildlife products, arms, and counterfeit currency. DRI also investigates customs duty evasion and commercial fraud. DRI engages in i...

  IIT Madras revealed advanced 3D images of the fetal brain from the Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, which marks a milestone in brain mapping technology. India is now a global leader in neuroscience research and the project promises potential treatments for various brain-related health issues. Research Team Composition The research involved a diverse team from multiple countries. Experts from India, Australia, the U.S., Romania, and South Africa collaborated. Medical partners included Mediscan Systems and Saveetha Medical College Hospital. The project was led by Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam, head of the Brain Centre. Importance of the Research India sees around 25 million births each year and fetal brain development is vital, which addresses developmental disorders like autism and learning disabilities. These insights are crucial for improving healthcare in India. The project received backing from various organizations. The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Governme...

  Climate change and biodiversity loss are two of the most pressing and interrelated environmental challenges of our time. Slow pace to meet international commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels may increase the likelihood of species extinctions and of irreversible damage to terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Repeated exposure to severe climate shocks and biodiversity loss can result in long-lasting poverty. Action is urgently needed to address climate change and biodiversity loss as they both represent major threats to human livelihoods and wellbeing (Armand and Kim Taveras, 2022). An Evidence Gap Map (EGM) provides a systematic and visual overview of the existing evidence, highlighting areas where research is needed and where sufficient evidence already exists. This EGM organises and describes the available rigorous evidence on the effects of climate change and biodiversity interventions on environmental and human wellbeing outcomes in ...

  The little gull has recently been observed in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India, occurring near Sultanpur National Park at Chandu. It marks an event, as there are only about ten records of this species in India. The little gull is known for its migratory patterns, typically travelling from West Asia or Europe. Identification of the Little Gull The little gull is the smallest gull species globally. Breeding adults exhibit distinctive features, including blackheads, pale grey backs, white wingtips, and blackish underwings. Non-breeding adults have a black ear patch and a smudgy cap. These characteristics help birdwatchers identify them easily. Habitat and Breeding This species breeds in marshy wetlands. They prefer environments that provide ample food and safety for nesting. During winter, little gulls migrate to offshore or coastal waters, where they find suitable conditions for survival. Rarity in India Despite its infrequent sightings in India, the little gull is class...

  A new strain of bird flu, A(H5N1) has emerged and spreads more easily through the air, which was first identified by a dairy worker in Texas. The strain has also been found in polecats and minks. Researchers at Erasmus University Medical Center conducted a study that revealed specific mutations in the virus. Key Mutations Identified The mutations PB2-E627K and PB2-T271A enhance the virus’s ability to transmit. These changes were observed in ferrets, which are commonly used for flu research. The study brought to light the potential for this strain to infect mammals, including humans. Transmission and Infection Rates The current strain, known as clade 2.3.4.4b, has been spreading among various animals, which has a low infection rate but poses risks for milk contamination. The virus has been detected in dairy cows across 15 U.S. states, affecting 695 dairy herds. Ferrets were exposed to airborne samples of the virus in experiments. Researchers tested multiple strains, including the...

  Recent research from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) has revealed findings that could enhance treatments for malaria and Covid-19. Scientists discovered the very important role of the human protein Hsp70 in the spread of these diseases. This work involved collaboration between Indian and Russian researchers. About Hsp70 Hsp70, or Heat Shock Protein 70, is crucial for protein folding, which prevents misfolding and maintains cellular health. This protein is essential for various biological processes, including the response to stress. The Role of Hsp70 in Infections The research indicates that Hsp70 interacts with the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the human ACE2 receptor. This interaction facilitates viral entry into cells. Elevated Hsp70 levels during fever may enhance the virus’s infectivity. Development of Hsp70 Inhibitors Researchers developed a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp70, named PES-Cl. This inhibitor was tested on cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Results s...

  Recent research marks the potential of Subabul seedpods in managing insulin resistance associated with type II diabetes. This traditional medicinal plant, known scientifically as Leucaena leucocephala, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Active Compounds Identified Researchers successfully extracted and identified four active compounds from Subabul seedpods, which marks a step in understanding the plant’s medicinal properties. The focus was on determining which compounds could effectively enhance insulin sensitivity. Research Team and Methods A team from the Institute of Advanced Studies in Science and Technology (IASST) conducted the study in Guwahati. They tested various extracts from the seedpods to identify the most effective bioactive fraction. This systematic approach led to the identification of the fraction that improved insulin sensitivity in muscle cells. Key Compound – Quercetin-3-Glucoside One of the notable compounds discovered was quercetin-3-glucosid...

  Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) poses global health threat, claims approximately 340,000 lives annually. The disease is particularly lethal for individuals with pre-existing lung conditions. Research from AIIMS in Delhi reveals that about one in three patients with lung disease may succumb to CPA. Causes of CPA CPA arises from inhaling airborne spores of the Aspergillus mould, is generally harmless for healthy individuals. However, those with lung damage are at heightened risk, can lead to severe lung scarring over time. Symptoms of CPA Common symptoms include extreme fatigue, weight loss, breathlessness, and coughing up blood. These symptoms can severely impact the quality of life. Early recognition of these signs is vital for effective management. The study indicates a grim prognosis for CPA patients. Approximately 32% of individuals with lung disease die within five years of diagnosis. Alarmingly, 15% of these patients pass away within the first year. Past tuberculosis ...

  The Marburg  Marburg virus has recently emerged as health threat in Africa, which has led to at least 15 deaths and hundreds of infections in Rwanda. The virus has rapidly spread across 17 African countries within the last two months. Transmission and Symptoms The Marburg virus is primarily transmitted by fruit bats. Human infections can occur through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms typically manifest between two to 21 days after exposure. Initial symptoms include high fever, headaches, and body aches. By the third day, patients may experience diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Severe Symptoms and Complications Around day five, severe symptoms can develop, which may include bleeding from various body parts, such as the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or gums. In some cases, swelling of the testicles may occur later. Death often occurs between days eight and nine, usually due to severe blood loss and shock. Healthcare workers and i...

  The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced ten projects to enhance pathogen genomic surveillance, which aims to address disease threats effectively. The projects will receive approximately $2 million in funding. This first round of grants is part of the International Pathogen Surveillance Network (IPSN). Purpose of the Grants The grants support capacity building in low- and middle-income countries. They focus on analyzing the genetic codes of pathogens. These codes help track disease spread and severity. The data generated is crucial for public health responses, vaccine development, and treatment strategies. Key Projects One notable project is from Ashoka University in India, which aims to map antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using DNA barcoding. Other projects include wastewater surveillance by the American University of Beirut. This project studies disease spread in refugee populations. The Pasteur Institute of Laos will monitor avian flu in live-bird markets. Funding S...