climate change and biodiversity interventions on environmental and human outcomes in low- and middle- countries

 



Climate change and biodiversity loss are two of the most pressing and interrelated environmental challenges of our time. Slow pace to meet international commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels may increase the likelihood of species extinctions and of irreversible damage to terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Repeated exposure to severe climate shocks and biodiversity loss can result in long-lasting poverty. Action is urgently needed to address climate change and biodiversity loss as they both represent major threats to human livelihoods and wellbeing (Armand and Kim Taveras, 2022).


An Evidence Gap Map (EGM) provides a systematic and visual overview of the existing evidence, highlighting areas where research is needed and where sufficient evidence already exists. This EGM organises and describes the available rigorous evidence on the effects of climate change and biodiversity interventions on environmental and human wellbeing outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (L&MICs).


The framework for this EGM was developed in collaboration with stakeholders in the conservation and development fields (Gonzalez Parrao et al., 2024a). The scope of the EGM extends across four natural systems and productive activities: i) land and forests; ii) agriculture and livestock; iii) aquaculture and fisheries; and iv) coasts and oceans. Interventions covered by the EGM include regulatory frameworks and policies that are designed to limit harmful behaviours and promote incentives and innovations that support efforts to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss. We also consider decentralisation interventions that transfer the management and decision-making authority over natural resources from national to local actors. Our framework also includes interventions providing information and knowledge to promote and disseminate climate and biodiversity innovations. We are also interested in market integration interventions that address barriers and market failures in L&MICs that hinder the dissemination and adoption of climate mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity-enhancing technologies and practices. The map covers both environmental and human wellbeing outcomes, focusing on biodiversity, climate mitigation measures and on adaptative capacities of individuals and communities in the face of these two crises.


The aim of this EGM is to identify studies evaluating the effects of climate change and biodiversity interventions. Impact evaluations (IEs) provide rigorous quantitative evidence, apt to identify changes attributable to interventions. We included IEs, using experimental or quasi-experimental methods, and systematic reviews (SRs) published in 2000 or after. We follow strict inclusion criteria linked to the studies’ methods but also consider studies’ participants, interventions, comparison, and outcomes while screening studies. This EGM identifies the extent of the evidence (clusters and gaps in the research) and summarises high-level findings of high and medium confidence SRs but it does not interrogate and draw out the findings of the included IEs.


Based on a search for relevant studies in 16 academic databases and 27 grey literature sources, this EGM contains 1,512 IEs and 93 SRs. This literature has significantly expanded over the last decade indicating increased research interest on these topics as well as skills to develop this type of analyses. The number of published IEs has increased year by year, peaking at 192 IEs in 2023. Almost 85% of all IEs emerged after 2014. Extensive evidence is available in a few countries such as China, Ethiopia, Brazil, India and Indonesia but the number of IEs remains limited in many of the countries most exposed and/or vulnerable to climate change.

#Biodiversity
#SaveNature
#ProtectWildlife
#ConserveBiodiversity
#EcoConservation
#SustainableFuture
#WildlifeProtection
#SaveOurPlanet
#EcosystemBalance
#NatureConservation

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