Cell Biologist

  Recent research focuses on artificial enzymes known as nanozymes, which show promise in creating advanced materials for medicine. Scientists aim to understand how nanozymes interact with proteins, goal is to develop nanozymes that are precise and efficient. About Nanozymes Nanozymes are synthetic enzymes that mimic natural enzyme functions, which can interact with small molecules but their role with larger proteins is less understood. Research is now expanding to include structural proteins , such as collagen. Research at CSIR-CLRI A team at the CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute investigated nanozymes’ interaction with collagen. Led by Dr. Amit Vernekar, the team used a manganese-based oxidase nanozyme (MnN). They demonstrated that MnN could crosslink collagen molecules effectively. Crosslinking Process Crosslinking involves linking collagen molecules together. The researchers used tannic acid under mild conditions. This method preserved the natural structure of collagen. I...

The recent Kochi edition of the Kerala Bird Race showcased 192 bird species and among them was the Dunlin, a small shorebird now classified as “Near Threatened”. This change reflects an increase in risk from “Least Concern” in 2023, which is often found in large flocks on mudflats and beaches. Birdwatchers spotted it at Puthuvype beach. Bird Count Statistics This year, the total bird count dropped. Only 4,885 individual birds were counted, nearly half of last year’s 8,639. About 100 birdwatchers participated in the event. Experts caution that this decline may not indicate a long-term trend. Consistent monitoring is necessary for accurate assessments. Event Coordination and Participation The event was coordinated by the Cochin Natural History Society, Kerala Agricultural University, and the State Forest and Wildlife Department. It spanned around 100 locations in Kochi and central Kerala. Approximately 25 teams took part in the bird race. Notable Species Observed Several remarkable spec...

  Researchers identified Palpares contrarius on the Madras Christian College (MCC) campus, a new species of antlion in Tamil Nadu, which marks addition to the region’s biodiversity . Identification Features Palpares contrarius resembles a dragonfly, which has distinct antennae and a unique fluttering flight. Antennal structure helps differentiate it from similar insects. Adults are elusive and primarily nocturnal. Life Cycle and Behaviour Antlion larvae create sand pits to capture prey. They primarily feed on ants. The larval stage can last over a year. Duration depends on environmental factors and food availability. Adults have a short lifespan and are seldom seen during the day. Habitat and Distribution Antlions are prevalent in several countries. They are found in Africa, Myanmar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. In India, they inhabit states like Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Mizoram, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh. The discovery of this species in Tamil Nadu is unprecedented. Rese...

  Two broods of periodical cicadas have emerged together for the first time in over 200 years. Brood XIX appears in the southeastern U.S., while Brood XIII is found in the Midwest. Additionally, Australian greengrocer cicadas, which follow a seven-year cycle, have also emerged, and overlap has taken 1,547 years to align. Life Cycles of Cicadas Cicadas spend most of their lives underground and emerge every 13 or 17 years to eat, reproduce, and die. These life cycles are based on prime numbers. This strategy helps them avoid predators. The Role of Prime Numbers Prime numbers reduce overlap with predators. Predators often have life cycles of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 years. Cicadas with a 12-year cycle face frequent encounters with these predators. Conversely, those with a 13-year cycle only overlap with a 2-year predator every 26 years. Mathematical Concepts The concept of the lowest common multiple explains cicada survival. Prime-numbered cycles help avoid predator overlap. This mathema...

  Recent studies reveal a concerning link between desertification and oceanic phytoplankton blooms. Researchers have observed important changes in the Indian Ocean, particularly southeast of Madagascar , which experienced the largest phytoplankton bloom in nearly three decades, attributed to nutrient-rich dust from drought-stricken regions in southern Africa. Phytoplankton Importance Phytoplankton are microscopic algae crucial for Earth’s ecosystems, which generate about 50% of the oxygen we breathe. They also play a vital role in the global carbon cycle. These organisms form the base of marine food webs, supporting various marine life. Phytoplankton blooms occur under specific conditions. They require adequate light, nutrients, and suitable temperatures. When these factors align, phytoplankton multiply rapidly, resulting in important changes in water color due to chlorophyll presence. Recent Bloom Details The bloom southeast of Madagascar covered approximately 2,000 square kilome...

  Recent research reveals surprising insights about cellular behaviour, which suggests that even human cells can exhibit a form of learning known as habituation. This phenomenon allows organisms to stop responding to repeated stimuli, which is a fundamental aspect of how both simple and complex life forms adapt to their environments. About Habituation Habituation is a basic learning process, which occurs when an organism becomes accustomed to a stimulus over time. For example, a person may stop noticing the ticking of a clock. This process can also help in managing fears and anxieties. Research Background The study involved researchers from Harvard Medical School and the Centre for Genomic Regulation. They explored how simple organisms, like amoebae, demonstrate habituation. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology, contributing to the understanding of memory and learning at cellular levels. Researchers discovered four molecular networks within cells that exhi...

  The Eurasian Wryneck has made its first appearance at Nanjarayan Tank in Tiruppur district, which was recently designated a Ramsar Site. The bird breeds in Europe and migrates to Africa and Southeast Asia for winter. Its presence in Tiruppur was previously noted two years ago near Uppar Dam. Habitat and Distribution The Eurasian Wryneck typically inhabits marshlands in northern and central India. It is not commonly found in the southern regions. The current sighting expands its known range in India. Bird Count at Nanjarayan Tank With the Eurasian Wryneck’s sighting, the bird count at Nanjarayan Tank has increased to 189 species. This includes various migratory birds. The previous addition was the Eurasian Wigeon, spotted in January 2024. The Pacific Golden Plover was seen in January 2021, marking another notable sighting. Over 20,000 birds gather at the marshland during peak migration season. This makes it important habitat for avian species. Conservation Status Two years ago, t...

  Recently, researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) revealed a remarkable discovery. They identified a glowing sea slug, Bathydevius caudactylus, in the ocean’s midnight zone. This unique mollusk challenges previous understandings of deep-sea life. Discovery Background The discovery occurred during a deep-sea dive in February 2000. Senior scientists Bruce Robison and Steven Haddock used the remotely operated vehicle Tiburon. They first documented this species off the coast of Monterey Bay. Over the years, researchers have observed it more than 150 times. Habitat and Environment Bathydevius caudactylus thrives in the midnight zone. This zone spans depths of 1,000 to 4,000 metres below the surface. It constitutes about 70% of the Earth’s seawater. The extreme conditions of this environment make it a unique habitat for various organisms . Unique Features This sea slug measures approximately the size of an apple. Its appearance is unlike any other sea slu...

  Dengue fever cases are at record levels worldwide, with studies linking 19% of the rise to climate change, which is expected to worsen by 2050. Predictions indicate a potential 40-60% rise in cases, with some areas facing increases of 150-200%. Current Global Context Recently, nearly 12 million dengue cases were reported in the Americas. This marks an important rise from 4.6 million in 2023. Locally acquired infections have emerged in California and Florida. India is also experiencing a surge in cases. Research Findings Researchers from Stanford and Harvard conducted a study on dengue incidence. They analyzed data from 21 countries in Asia and the Americas. The results show a direct correlation between rising temperatures and increasing dengue infections. Dengue can cause mild to severe symptoms. Severe cases may lead to bleeding and shock. There are no specific treatments for dengue. Two vaccines exist but face challenges in widespread use. Impact of Climate Change The study mar...

  Recent research has revealed the genus Koima, a new group of freshwater fish endemic to the Western Ghats . This discovery marks the region’s rich biodiversity and the need for further taxonomic studies. The research was conducted by a team from the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence. Their findings were published in the journal Zootaxa. Importance of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, which is home to numerous endemic species, particularly freshwater fish. The region’s unique ecosystems are crucial for conservation efforts. The discovery of Koima reinforces the need to explore and document its aquatic life further. Taxonomic Revision Needed The researchers emphasize the necessity for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of freshwater fish groups. Many species, including nemacheilid loaches, require re-evaluation. Current classifications often overlook distinct species due to their smal...

  Recent data from the State Public Health Laboratory (SPHL) marks important respiratory illness trends. Influenza A and B viruses are the primary culprits, affecting 75.4% of patients with Influenza-Like Illness (ILI). The report indicates a notable increase in fever cases during the winter and monsoon months across Tamil Nadu. Influenza Virus Circulation Testing of 326 respiratory samples revealed that Influenza A (H1N1) accounts for 44% of reported cases. Influenza B and other strains are also present but to a lesser extent. The presence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) A and B was noted in 9% of cases, which cause mild illness. Current COVID-19 Situation SARS-CoV-2 is circulating at an all-time low, which suggests a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 cases in the community. The focus remains on influenza viruses, which are currently more prevalent. The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme indicates a seasonal pattern. Illnesses peaked during the monsoon months followin...

  India has been a pioneer in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) since 2013. The Companies Act mandates CSR contributions, impacting social development. Over Rs 1.84 lakh crore has been disbursed from 2014 to 2023. Agriculture, vital for the economy and employment, faces challenges like climate change and stagnant incomes. CSR can play an important role in addressing these issues. Importance of Agriculture in India Nearly 47% of India’s population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods. The agricultural sector contributes 16.73% to the GDP. This puts stress on its significance in shaping the socio-economic landscape. The Green Revolution improved productivity, but new challenges have emerged, necessitating a focus on sustainability. CSR Contributions to Agriculture Recent trends show corporate entities are prioritizing environmental sustainability in their CSR budgets. A report revealed that 23% of companies identified “environment and sustainability” as a key area. The 20...

  Recent research has revealed a remarkable phenomenon in marine biology. A newly identified species of comb jelly, known scientifically as Mnemiopsis leidyi, possesses the extraordinary ability to reverse its aging process. This challenges long-standing beliefs about the life cycles of animals. The Discovery Process Joan J Soto-Angel, a co-author of the study, encountered an unexpected larval form of a comb jelly in his lab. This larva was an adult that had reverted to an earlier developmental stage. This surprising observation prompted further investigation into the conditions that triggered this de-ageing process. Experimental Findings Researchers subjected adult comb jellies to extreme stress. The results demonstrated that these jellies could regress to a larval stage. Over several weeks, they not only changed their physical characteristics but also altered their feeding behavior to that typical of larval forms. Implications for Biological Research This discovery raises importa...

  Recent research from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has revealed a novel approach to combat antibiotic resistance. The study focuses on breaking down biofilm barriers that protect disease-causing bacteria. Biofilms are secreted by bacteria and act as formidable shields against drug penetration. This discovery has important implications for treating infections caused by opportunistic pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae. About Biofilms Biofilms are complex structures formed by bacteria. They consist of sugars, fats, proteins, and DNA . These layers create a protective environment for bacteria, making them resilient to antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae is notorious for forming such biofilms, leading to severe hospital-acquired infections. The Role of Enzymes Enzymes play an important role in breaking down biofilms. The IISc team focused on polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. They aimed to disrupt the polysaccharide matrix that strengthens biofilms. The researchers identified...

  The mpox virus, previously known as monkeypox, has remained an important public health concern since the eradication of smallpox in 1980. In 2022 and again in 2023, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared mpox a public health emergency. This marks the ongoing threat posed by this virus, especially in West and Central Africa. About Mpox Clades Mpox consists of two main clades – I and II. Clade I is known for causing severe disease in animal models, while Clade II has been responsible for recent outbreaks. Each clade is further divided into subclades – Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb. Clade IIb was the primary cause of the 2022 outbreak, still active in parts of Africa. Clade Ib emerged in late 2023 as an important concern in Central Africa. Human-to-Human Transmission Historically, clade Ia caused sporadic infections primarily from animals to humans. Recent studies, however, indicate a shift. Evidence shows that clade Ia viruses are now capable of human-to-human transmission. This chan...

  Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disease affecting muscle function. In India, treatment options are limited, mainly due to high costs. The gene therapy drug, Zolgensma , costs around 16 crore rupees. Despite this, some families are finding ways to access treatment. About Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) SMA is a genetic disorder that leads to the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. This results in muscle weakness and atrophy. Symptoms often appear in infancy. Children may struggle with basic movements like lifting their heads or crawling. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. About Zolgensma Zolgensma (onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi) is a revolutionary gene therapy for SMA. It addresses the root cause by replacing the missing or defective SMN1 gene . This therapy can improve motor function in affected children. Although it is costly, it represents hope for many families. SMA is not as rare as once thought. The global prevalence is estimated at 1 in ...

  The Padmaja Naidu Zoological Park in Darjeeling is leading conservation efforts for Himalayan species, particularly the red panda. In June 2024, it established India’s first genetic biobank to preserve DNA from endangered animals. This initiative aims to combat extinction through genetic diversity. Conservation Breeding Programme The zoo has initiated a unique conservation breeding and rewilding programme for red pandas. Julie, a red panda, along with two others, is being trained for reintroduction into the wild. Caretaker Chhetri focuses on developing their anti-human instincts. This programme is crucial for the survival of red pandas, whose population is dwindling. Importance of Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity is essential for the health of a species. Inbreeding depression occurs when animals breed within a limited population, leading to weakened immunity and lower survival rates. The zoo’s genetic biobank addresses this issue by preserving genetic material from various ind...

  The Tamil Nadu Land Consolidation (for Special Projects) Act, 2023, was enacted on October 18, 2024. It aims to facilitate land acquisition for major infrastructure projects. However, the Act has ignited controversy among various stakeholders, including environmentalists and farmers’ groups. They argue it threatens water bodies and local rights. Purpose of the Act The Act intends to streamline land consolidation for projects that require at least 100 hectares. These projects can be industrial, agricultural, or commercial. The government argues that this process will reduce delays caused by fragmented land laws. Controversial Provisions A concern is that land, including areas with water bodies, can be acquired for these projects. In exchange, entities must provide alternative land. Critics fear this could lead to unchecked land acquisition and privatization of water resources. Environmental Concerns While the Act claims to protect water channels, critics believe it could worsen e...

  In 2024, greenhouse gas levels reached a new high. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a rise of over 10% in just two decades. This surge is alarming. It marks the urgent need for action to combat climate change. Key Greenhouse Gas Levels The average global concentrations of key greenhouse gases in 2023 were: Carbon dioxide (CO2): 420 parts per million (ppm) Methane (CH4): 1934 parts per billion (ppb) Nitrous oxide (N2O): 336.9 ppb These levels are higher than in pre-industrial times: CO2: 151% of pre-industrial levels Methane: 265% Nitrous oxide: 125% Causes of the Increase Several factors contributed to this increase:  Large vegetation fires released substantial CO2. Forests may have absorbed less carbon than before. Fossil fuel emissions from human and industrial activities remained high. These elements combined to drive greenhouse gas concentrations higher than ever before. Impact of Emissions The WMO Secretary-General, Celeste Saulo, brought to light ...

  A groundbreaking study has revealed the existence of a “black hole triple” system. This discovery marks the first time scientists have identified such a configuration in space. The system is located approximately 8,000 light years from Earth, in the constellation Cygnus. It features a central black hole , a star spiraling closely around it, and a more distant star. About Black Holes A black hole is a region in space with an extremely strong gravitational pull. This force is so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. Most black holes form from massive stars that explode at the end of their life cycle, a process called a supernova. However, the newly discovered black hole challenges this traditional view. The Black Hole Triple System The black hole triple system consists of three components: A central black hole, V404 Cygni, which is about nine times the mass of our Sun. A star that orbits the black hole every 6.5 days. A second, more distant star that takes aroun...

  Scientists announced the discovery of a lost Mayan city in the Mexican jungle. This finding was made possible through the use of LiDAR technology. The dense vegetation that typically obscures archaeological sites was penetrated, revealing ancient structures below. What is LiDAR? LiDAR stands for Light Detection and Ranging. It is a remote sensing method. LiDAR uses light pulses to measure distances. Typically, a sensor is mounted on an aircraft. This technology can create detailed 3-D models of the Earth’s surface. The US Geological Survey states that LiDAR can achieve vertical accuracy of up to 10 cm. Components of LiDAR LiDAR systems consist of three main components: a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. Each part plays a crucial role in capturing data from the environment. How Does LiDAR Work? The process begins with the laser. It emits rapid pulses of light towards the ground. These pulses travel down and hit various surfaces, such as trees, buildings, and the ground itsel...

  Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji has yet to receive its first snowfall of the season. This is unprecedented, marking the latest date without snow since records began in 1894. The previous record was October 26, noted in 1955 and 2016. This year, warm weather has delayed the formation of the snowcap. Historical Snow Patterns Mount Fuji typically sees its first snow around October 2. Last year, the snow appeared on October 5. The absence of snow this year marks an important shift in weather patterns. The snowcap is essential for the mountain’s ecosystem and is a key feature for climbers and tourists. Weather Influences Yutaka Katsuta, a forecaster, attributes the delay to persistently high temperatures. Summer 2024 was among the hottest on record, matching the extreme heat of 2023. This prolonged warmth has continued into September, preventing the cold air needed for snowfall. Climate Change Impact Experts suggest that climate change may be influencing these unusual weather patterns. The ...