Type 5 Diabetes

 



Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) acknowledged Type 5 diabetes as a distinct health condition during the World Diabetes Congress held in Bangkok. The condition, primarily affecting malnourished individuals, had remained largely unrecognised despite its global impact.

About Type 5 Diabetes

  • Type 5 diabetes is a malnutrition-related form of diabetes.
  • It typically affects lean and malnourished teenagers and young adults.
  • The condition is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia and Africa.
  • Approximately 20 to 25 million people are estimated to be affected worldwide.
  • Unlike Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, Type 5 diabetes is marked by a deep defect in insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance.

Historical Context

The condition was first documented in Jamaica in 1955 as J-type diabetes. In the 1960s, it was reported in undernourished populations across India, Pakistan, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) initially recognised it in 1985 but later retracted this status in 1999 due to insufficient follow-up studies.

Recent Developments

Type 5 diabetes is fundamentally different from both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. New research reveals that insulin injections, commonly used for Type 1 diabetes, can be harmful to Type 5 diabetes patients. The condition is associated with defect in insulin secretion, which has led to a shift in understanding and treatment approaches.

The Role of the International Diabetes Federation

In response to the growing awareness of Type 5 diabetes, the IDF has established a working group. This group aims to create formal diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines over the next two years. It will define diagnostic criteria and develop management protocols for the disease. Additionally, a global registry will be established to facilitate research and education for healthcare professionals.

Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment

Type 5 diabetes has historically been under-diagnosed. It is more prevalent than tuberculosis and nearly as common as HIV/AIDS. The absence of an official designation has impeded efforts to diagnose and treat affected individuals effectively. The working group will address these challenges by providing educational modules for healthcare professionals.

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